编译|李言
Nature, 20 March 2025, Volume 639 Issue 8055
《自然》2025年3月20日，第639卷，8055期
人工智能Artificial Intelligence
Optimizing generative AI by backpropagating language model feedback
通过反向传播语言模型反馈优化生成式人工智能
▲ 作者：Mert Yuksekgonul, Federico Bianchi et al.
▲链接：
articles/s41586-025-08661-4
▲摘要：
在此，我们介绍多功能框架TextGrad，它通过反向传播由大型语言模型（LLM）生成的反馈来执行优化，从而改进AI系统。通过利用自然语言反馈来批评和建议改进系统的任何部分——从提示到输出，如分子或治疗计划——TextGrad实现了跨多种任务的生成式AI系统的自动优化。
我们通过在解决博士级科学问题、优化放射治疗计划、设计具有特定性质的分子、编码以及优化代理系统等方面的研究，展示了TextGrad的通用性和有效性。TextGrad赋予科学家和工程师轻松开发具有影响力的生成式AI系统的能力。
▲ Abstract：
Analogously, here we introduce TextGrad, a versatile framework that performs optimization by backpropagating LLM-generated feedback to improve AI systems. By leveraging natural language feedback to critique and suggest improvements to any part of a system—from prompts to outputs such as molecules or treatment plans—TextGrad enables the automatic optimization of generative AI systems across diverse tasks. We demonstrate TextGrad’s generality and effectiveness through studies in solving PhD-level science problems, optimizing plans for radiotherapy treatments, designing molecules with specific properties, coding, and optimizing agentic systems. TextGrad empowers scientists and engineers to easily develop impactful generative AI systems.
材料科学Material Sciences
Large recoverable elastic energy in chiral metamaterials via twist buckling
手性扭曲超结构中的超大可恢复弹性储能
▲ 作者：Xin Fang, Dianlong Yu et al.
▲链接：
articles/s41586-025-08658-z
▲摘要：
在此，我们构建了由可自由扭转的手性胞元组成的高弹性超材料。与现有的非手性晶格相比，未经优化的手性超材料同时保持了高刚度、承受更大的可恢复应变、提供更宽的屈曲平台、将屈曲强度提高5至10倍、提高弹性应变能密度2至160倍，并将单位质量能量提高2至32倍。这些改进源于手性引发的扭转屈曲变形，这种变形模式在传统超材料中是不存在的。
这种变形模式在存储大量额外能量的同时，对定义材料失效的峰值应力影响最小。我们的发现揭示了一种机制，并为具有高机械能量存储能力的超材料和结构的设计提供了洞见，这是一个基础且普遍的问题，具有广泛的工程意义。
▲ Abstract：
Here, to address this challenge, we construct high-enthalpy elastic metamaterials from freely rotatable chiral metacells. Compared with existing non-chiral lattices, the non-optimized chiral metamaterials simultaneously maintain high stiffness, sustain larger recoverable strain, offer a wider buckling plateau, improve the buckling strength by 5–10 times, enhance enthalpy by 2–160 times and increase energy per mass by 2–32 times. These improvements arise from torsional buckling deformation that is triggered by chirality and is absent in conventional metamaterials. This deformation mode stores considerable additional energy while having a minimal impact on peak stresses that define material failure. Our findings identify a mechanism and provide insight into the design of metamaterials and structures with high mechanical energy storage capacity, a fundamental and general problem of broad engineering interest.
Disorder-assisted real–momentum topological photonic crystal
无序辅助实动量拓扑光子晶体
▲ 作者：Haoye Qin, Zengping Su et al.
▲链接：
articles/s41586-025-08632-9
▲摘要：
在此，作为概念验证，我们展示了在窄带宽的共振动量空间涡旋光束旁边同时独立生成真实空间宽带涡旋或全息图像，这是传统方法无法实现的。这种工程化的无序为系统贡献了巨大的内在自由度，而无需增加额外维度或牺牲光学平坦性。
我们对实动量对偶的发现不仅为拓扑光子学中的无序工程奠定了基础，还为光学波前整形、加密和通信开辟了新途径。
▲ Abstract：
Here, as a proof of concept, we demonstrate the simultaneous and independent generation of a real-space broadband vortex or a holographic image alongside resonant momentum-space vortex beams with a narrow bandwidth, which cannot be achieved with conventional methods. Such engineered disorder contributes to vast intrinsic freedoms without adding extra dimensions or compromising the optical flatness. Our findings of real–momentum duality not only lay the foundation for disorder engineering in topological photonics but also open new avenues for optical wavefront shaping, encryption and communications.
医学Medicine
Human-correlated genetic models identify precision therapy for liver cancer
人类相关基因模型为肝癌提供精准治疗
▲ 作者：Miryam Müller, Stephanie May et al.
▲链接：
articles/s41586-025-08585-z
▲摘要：
在此，我们构建了一套基因驱动的体内免疫活性及相匹配的体外肝细胞癌（HCC）模型。我们的模型再现了人类HCC的多种特征，包括克隆起源、组织病理学表现和转移。我们将小鼠模型的转录组数据与人类HCC数据整合，并识别出四个共同的人—小鼠亚型细胞。这些亚型细胞具有与人类组织病理学相一致的独特转录组特征。
在一项原理验证分析中，我们验证了对标准治疗的反应，并利用一个关联的体外—体内流程识别出一个有前景的治疗候选药物——cladribine，该药物此前并未用于HCC治疗。Cladribine与标准治疗联合使用时，以一种高效的亚型特异性方式发挥作用。
▲ Abstract：
Here we generated a suite of genetically driven immunocompetent in vivo and matched in vitro HCC models. Our models represent multiple features of human HCC, including clonal origin, histopathological appearance and metastasis. We integrated transcriptomic data from the mouse models with human HCC data and identified four common human–mouse subtype clusters. The subtype clusters had distinct transcriptomic characteristics that aligned with the human histopathology. In a proof-of-principle analysis, we verified response to standard-of-care treatment and used a linked in vitro–in vivo pipeline to identify a promising therapeutic candidate, cladribine, that has not previously been linked to HCC treatment. Cladribine acts in a highly effective subtype-specific manner in combination with standard-of-care therapy.
地球科学Earth Science
High temporal variability not trend dominates Mediterranean precipitation
地中海降水以高时间变异性不占主导地位
▲ 作者：Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Yves Tramblay et al.
▲链接：
articles/s41586-024-08576-6
▲摘要：
在此，我们展示了从1871年到2020年，尽管存在显著的多年代际和年际变异性，地中海地区的降水基本保持稳定。这一结论基于该地区可获得的最全面数据集，涵盖了27个国家的23000多个站点。虽然在某些时期和子区域可以识别出趋势，但我们的研究将这些趋势主要归因于大气动力学，这主要与内部变率有关。
此外，我们的评估将观测到的降水趋势与耦合模式比较项目第6阶段（CMIP6）模式模拟相协调，两者均未表明该地区过去存在主导的降水趋势。我们的研究结果对世界上突出的气候变化热点地区之一的环境、农业和水资源规划具有重要意义。
▲ Abstract：
Here we show that Mediterranean precipitation has largely remained stationary from 1871 to 2020, albeit with significant multi-decadal and interannual variability. This conclusion is based on the most comprehensive dataset available for the region, encompassing over 23,000 stations across 27 countries. While trends can be identified for some periods and subregions, our findings attribute these trends primarily to atmospheric dynamics, which would be mostly linked to internal variability. Furthermore, our assessment reconciles the observed precipitation trends with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 model simulations, neither of which indicate a prevailing past precipitation trend in the region. The implications of our results extend to environmental, agricultural and water resources planning in one of the world’s prominent climate change hotspots.
教育学Education
Children’s arithmetic skills do not transfer between applied and academic mathematics
儿童的算术技能不会在应用数学和学术数学之间转化
▲ 作者：Abhijit V. Banerjee, Swati Bhattacharjee et al.
▲链接：
articles/s41586-024-08502-w
▲摘要：
在此，我们对在印度加尔各答和德里市场工作的儿童（n=1436）进行了调查，以探究在现实环境中获得的数学技能是否能够迁移到课堂中，反之亦然。几乎所有这些儿童在工作中都能有效地使用复杂的算术计算。他们还擅长解决假设的市场数学问题和与具体情境相关的口头数学问题。
然而，当以学校中通常使用的抽象格式呈现时，他们无法解决同等或更低复杂度的算术问题。儿童在市场数学问题上的表现无法通过记忆、获得帮助、对更熟悉格式的压力减轻或高激励来解释。
相比之下，就读于附近学校、没有市场销售经验的儿童（n=471）表现出相反的模式。这些儿童在简单的抽象问题上表现更准确，但其中只有1%的儿童能正确回答市场中的应用数学问题，与此相对应的是，超过三分之一的市场工作儿童能够解决应用问题。
学校儿童使用效率极低的书面计算，无法组合不同的操作，并且得出答案的速度太慢，无法在现实生活或高等数学中使用。这些发现强调了教育课程在弥合直觉数学和形式数学之间差距的重要性。
▲ Abstract：
Here we surveyed children in Kolkata and Delhi, India, who work in markets (n = 1,436), to investigate whether maths skills acquired in real-world settings transfer to the classroom and vice versa. Nearly all these children used complex arithmetic calculations effectively at work. They were also proficient in solving hypothetical market maths problems and verbal maths problems that were anchored to concrete contexts. However, they were unable to solve arithmetic problems of equal or lesser complexity when presented in the abstract format typically used in school. The children’s performance in market maths problems was not explained by memorization, access to help, reduced stress with more familiar formats or high incentives for correct performance. By contrast, children with no market-selling experience (n = 471), enrolled in nearby schools, showed the opposite pattern. These children performed more accurately on simple abstract problems, but only 1% could correctly answer an applied market maths problem that more than one third of working children solved (β = 0.35, s.e.m. = 0.03; 95% confidence interval = 0.30–0.40, P 0.001). School children used highly inefficient written calculations, could not combine different operations and arrived at answers too slowly to be useful in real-life or in higher maths. These findings highlight the importance of educational curricula that bridge the gap between intuitive and formal maths.
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